A peek inside some leading research labs shows how scientists-turned-detectives are painstakingly decoding what causes autoimmune diseases and how to stop the immune system from attacking you instead of protecting you.
It’s a huge challenge. By the National Institutes of Health’s newest count there are about 140 autoimmune diseases affecting tens of millions of people.
Unraveling them requires patience, persistence — and sophisticated technology to even see the suspects. Researchers use laser-powered machinery and brightly colored fluorescent dyes to tell rogue cells from normal ones.
Take Type 1 diabetes, caused when cells in the pancreas that produce insulin are gradually killed off by rogue T cells. In a biomedical engineering lab at Johns Hopkins University, researchers examine mouse pancreas cells on a computer screen. Red marks the killer cells. In yellow are “peacemaker” cells that are supposed to tamp down autoimmune reactions – but they’re outnumbered.
Another type of immune cell, B cells, drive autoimmune diseases by producing antibodies that mistake healthy tissue for foreign invaders. At NIH, Dr. Iago Pinal-Fernandez studies myositis, a poorly understood group of muscle-weakening diseases. His research shows rogue antibodies don’t just damage muscles by latching onto their surface. They can sneak inside muscle cells and disrupt their normal functions in ways that help explain varying symptoms.
“When I started, nothing was known about the type of autoimmune disease we study. Now finally we’re able to tell patients, ’You have this disease and this is the mechanism of disease,” he said.
In another NIH lab, Dr. Mariana Kaplan’s team is hunting the root causes of lupus and other autoimmune diseases — what makes the immune system run amok…